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Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond
The higher the value of the electronegativity, the more strongly that element attracts the shared electrons.
According to wikipedia…
Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus.
Table of contents
Now it is time to talk about:
- What is electronegativity
- What does electronegativity mean
- Who discovered electronegativity
- What causes electronegativity
- How is electronegativity measured
- What determines electronegativity
- How to find the electronegativity of an element
- How to determine electronegativity from periodic table
- Electronegativity equation
- Electronegativity units
- How to calculate electronegativity
- Electronegativity vs electron affinity
- Electronegativity vs ionization energy
- Electronegativity vs atomic number
- Electronegativity trend periodic table
- How does electronegativity increase
- How does electronegativity affect polarity
- What electronegativity difference makes a bond polar
- How does electronegativity affect bonding
- How is electronegativity related to covalent bonding
- How to predict bonding type using electronegativity
- How to arrange elements in order of increasing electronegativity
- Which element highest electronegativity
- Which element has no electronegativity
What is Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to itself.
On the periodic table, electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group.
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What does Electronegativity Mean
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to itself.
Who Discovered Electronegativity
Linus Pauling
The electronegativity values devised by Linus Pauling, an American chemist, are dimensionless quantities that range from slightly less than one for the alkali metals to a maximum of four for fluorine.
Large electronegativity values indicate a stronger attraction for electrons than small electronegativity values.
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What causes electronegativity
Greater charge on the nucleus.
On the most basic level, electronegativity is determined by factors like the nuclear charge (the more protons an atom has, the more "pull" it will have on electrons) and the number and location of other electrons in the atomic shells (the more electrons an atom has, the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons .
How is electronegativity measured
Electronegativity is not measured in energy units, but is rather a relative scale.
All elements are compared to one another.
What determines electronegativity
An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the size of the atom.
The higher its electronegativity, the more an element attracts electrons.
How to Determine Electronegativity From Periodic Table
On the periodic table, electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group.
As a result, the most electronegative elements are found on the top right of the periodic table, while the least electronegative elements are found on the bottom left.
Electronegativity equation
EN(X) - EN(Y) = 0.102 (Δ1/2)
By doing some careful experiments and calculations, Pauling came up with a slightly more sophisticated equation for the relative electronegativities of two atoms in a molecule.
Electronegativity units
No units.
Electronegativity is not measured in energy units, but is rather a relative scale.
How to Calculate Electronegativity
Subtract the smaller electronegativity from the larger one to find the difference
Subtract the smaller electronegativity from the larger one to find the difference.
For example, if we're looking at the molecule HF, we would subtract the electronegativity of hydrogen (2.1) from fluorine (4.0).4.0 - 2.1 = 1.9.
Electronegativity vs electron affinity
Electronegativity is qualitative while electron affinity is quantitative.
Electronegativity is generally a unitless quantity but is defined in regards to Pauling.
Electron affinity, on the other hand, is measured in kJ/mol.
When an element tends to exhibit a stronger attracting ability, the electronegativity of that element is higher.
Electronegativity vs ionization energy
Electronegativity explains the attraction of electrons.
The key difference between electronegativity and ionization energy is that electronegativity explains the attraction of electrons while ionization energy refers to the removal of electrons from an atom.
Electronegativity vs atomic number
An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the size of the atom.
The higher its electronegativity, the more an element attracts electrons.
Electronegativity trend periodic table
The electronegativity trend refers to a trend that can be seen across the periodic table.
This trend is seen as you move across the periodic table from left to right: the electronegativity increases while it decreases as you move down a group of elements.
How does Electronegativity Increase
On the periodic table, electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group.
As a result, the most electronegative elements are found on the top right of the periodic table, while the least electronegative elements are found on the bottom left.
How does Electronegativity Affect Polarity
If the two electrons have different electronegativities then the atom with the greater electronegativity will pull more of the electron density the its side of the bond, creating a negative polarity on that side of the bond leaving a positive polarity on the other side of the bond.
What electronegativity difference makes a bond polar
A bond in which the electronegativity difference between the atoms is between 0.4 and 1.7 is called a polar covalent bond.
How does Electronegativity Affect Bonding
Electronegativity of the atoms involved in a compound affects the ionic bonds.
More electronegative elements have the tendency to form higher ionic character bonds with other elements.
Elements that have high electronegativity, will form a bond with any atom that has more ionic character.
How is electronegativity related to covalent bonding
Electronegativity differences affect the degree of sharing in covalent bonding.
The more equal the sharing the stronger the bond.
If the electronegativities of the two atoms are completely the same, the bond formed by the sharing of the electrons will be a pure covalent bond.
How to Predict Bonding Type Using Electronegativity
Compare the electronegativities of the elements.
The difference in the electronegativity of two atoms determines their bond type.
If the electronegativity difference is more than 1.7, the bond will have an ionic character.
If the electronegativity difference is between 0.4 and 1.7, the bond will have a polar covalent character.
Which Element Highest Electronegativity
Fluorine
(Helium, neon, and argon are not listed in the Pauling electronegativity scale, although in the Allred-Rochow scale, helium has the highest electronegativity.)
Video: Electronegativity, Basic Introduction,...
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