On this page I'll provide comprehensive data for Germanium. I hope you profit from it.
Germanium Overview
Name Origin
Latin: Germania (Germany).
Symbol
Ge (Germanium)Description
Grayish-white metal.
Discovery
Discovered By: Clemens Winkler
Year: 1886
Location: Germany
Sources
Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.
Uses
Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.
State at 20 °C
Solid
Group
Group Name: Metal
Group in periodic table: 4a
Period in periodic table: 4
Atomic Number
32Learn more about the atomic number.
Atomic Mass
72,61
Learn more about the atomic mass.
Stable Isotopes
Ge70 percent abundance: 20.84% Ge72 percent abundance: 27.54% Ge73percent abundance: 7.73% Ge74 percent abundance: 36.28% Ge76 percent abundance: 7.61%
Learn more about stable isotopes.
Radioactive Isotopes
Ge64-69, Ge71, Ge75, Ge77-78
Learn more about radioactive isotopes.
Atomic Structure
Crystalline Structure
Cubic: Face centered
Learn more about crystalline structure
Shells
Electrons per energy level: 2,8,18,4
Learn more about electron shells
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4 s2 3 d10 4 p1
Learn more about electron configuration.
Abbreviated Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Learn more about abbreviated electron configuration.
Valence Electrons
2,4
Learn more about valence electrons
Atom Size
Atomic Radius
1.52 Ã…
Learn more about atomic radius.
Covalent Radius
1.22 Ã…
Learn more about covalent radius.
Ionic Radius
.53 (+4) Ã…
Learn more about ionic radius.
Molar Volume
13.6 cm³/mol
Learn more about molar volume.
Chemical Properties
Common Oxidation States
First Ionization Energy
First Ionization Potential
Second Ionization Potential
Third Ionization Potential
Physical Properties
Density
Electrical Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
Elastic Modulus
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Learn more about coefficient of thermal expansion.
Heat Properties
Other heat related physical properties:
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Specific Heat
0.32 J/gK
Learn more about specific heat.
Learn more about specific heat.
Heat of Fusion
36.940 kJ/mol
Learn more about heat of fusion.
Heat of Vaporization
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